Effects of human and nonhuman predation risk on antipredator movement behaviors of an upland game bird

Predators elicit antipredator behaviors such as proactive and reactive movements in prey, but both are rarely investigated simultaneously. Impacts of human predation risk on can be greater than those nonhuman predators, resulting increased effects populations community structure. We compared the influence movement male Eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo, hereafter turkey). used simultaneously collected GPS locations from 31 36 coyotes (Canis latrans) to investigate behavior coyotes. To assess hunters, we 1661 hunting tracks while monitoring 109 turkeys. For movements, quantified how influenced resource selection. changes after encountering hunters Coyote turkey home range overlap was high, lack core area overlap, encounters, similar selection suggested use different areas landscape. Turkeys selected associated with decreased coyote closer hardwoods. Coyotes preferred shrubs open areas, suggesting avoided habitats preferred. detected 17 contacts, probability contact by 16.6% for every 100 m farther a forest edge. did not display direct encounter coyotes, step lengths were prior which differ random lengths. After hunting, public access points private property, avoidance hunter risk. contacts; contacts fleeing behavior. The hunter–turkey 5.5% secondary road. Antipredator suggest low over broad temporal window, is high narrow window. provide insight into human-induced fear cause behavioral responses fear, potentially causing species distribution